In 1971 he completed his coursework for his ph . d . in economics at the university of paris and worked as an economist for the international coffee organization until 1973 1964至1967年间,他在巴西学习经济, 1968年,他从圣保罗大学和美国的范德堡大学获得经济学硕士学位, 1971年在巴黎大学修完经济学博士学位课程,并供职于国际咖啡组织, 1973年离开那里。